{"info":{"_postman_id":"e6e58df3-1ce0-46f8-a6fb-820e714e0108","name":"ETSI ISG CIM / NGSI-LD API","description":"<html><head></head><body><p>This OAS file describes the NGSI-LD API defined by the ETSI ISG CIM group. This Cross-domain Context Information Management API allows to provide, consume and subscribe to context information in multiple scenarios and involving multiple stakeholders.</p>\n<p>ity behind NGSI-LD.</p>\n<h3 id=\"1-ngsi-ld-reference-implementation\">1. <strong>NGSI-LD Reference Implementation</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><p>FIWARE provides a full <strong>NGSI-LD compliant stack</strong>, including:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>Orion-LD Context Broker</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>NGSI-LD Data Models (Smart Data Models initiative)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Integration with <strong>CKAN, Kafka, PostGIS</strong>, etc.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"2-smart-cities-and-industries\">2. <strong>Smart Cities and Industries</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Cities use FIWARE’s NGSI-LD APIs to manage:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Public transportation</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Pollution levels</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Smart lighting and traffic</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li><p>Cross-domain coordination: e.g., traffic events influencing public safety notifications or telecom network usage.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"3-federation--multi-stakeholder-interactions\">3. <strong>Federation &amp; Multi-Stakeholder Interactions</strong></h3>\n<ul>\n<li><p>NGSI-LD supports <strong>federated context brokers</strong>, which is used by FIWARE for <strong>regional data spaces</strong> and <strong>data economy use cases</strong>.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Stakeholders like utilities, telcos, and municipalities can <strong>subscribe to context updates</strong> and act based on shared information.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h2 id=\"example-scenarios\">Example Scenarios</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Use Case</th>\n<th>NGSI-LD Role</th>\n<th>TM Forum Context</th>\n<th>FIWARE Context</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Smart Parking</td>\n<td>Real-time updates on availability</td>\n<td>Integrates with ODA for service provisioning</td>\n<td>Provides parking spot context entities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Public Transport</td>\n<td>Geo-aware and time-aware data on vehicles</td>\n<td>Use with SID models for customer impact</td>\n<td>NGSI-LD describes vehicle positions, delays</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Telecom Network Congestion</td>\n<td>Context entity for cell usage, load</td>\n<td>TMF APIs + NGSI-LD for network slice updates</td>\n<td>Edge nodes use NGSI-LD for telemetry aggregation</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Energy Usage in Smart Homes</td>\n<td>Energy meter context entity</td>\n<td>Enables dynamic tariffing via TMF APIs</td>\n<td>NGSI-LD device models report consumption data</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><hr>\n<h2 id=\"summary-of-api-capabilities\">Summary of API Capabilities</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Feature</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>CRUD for Context Entities</strong></td>\n<td>Create, update, delete, and query context entities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Subscriptions</strong></td>\n<td>Notify subscribers when context data changes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Linked Data Support</strong></td>\n<td>Entities and attributes can be semantically linked using IRIs</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Geoqueries</strong></td>\n<td>Spatial filtering and correlation between entities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Temporal Queries</strong></td>\n<td>Time series access to context data</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><hr>\n<h2 id=\"sample-ngsi-ld-entity-json-ld\">Sample NGSI-LD Entity (JSON-LD)</h2>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code>jsonCopyEdit{\n  \"@context\": [\n    \"https://uri.etsi.org/ngsi-ld/v1/ngsi-ld-core-context.jsonld\",\n    \"https://smartdatamodels.org/context.jsonld\"\n  ],\n  \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Vehicle:001\",\n  \"type\": \"Vehicle\",\n  \"brandName\": {\n    \"type\": \"Property\",\n    \"value\": \"Toyota\"\n  },\n  \"location\": {\n    \"type\": \"GeoProperty\",\n    \"value\": {\n      \"type\": \"Point\",\n      \"coordinates\": [-8.5, 41.2]\n    }\n  },\n  \"speed\": {\n    \"type\": \"Property\",\n    \"value\": 80,\n    \"unitCode\": \"KMH\"\n  }\n}\n\n</code></pre><hr>\n<h2 id=\"tm-forum--fiware-synergy\">TM Forum + FIWARE Synergy</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><p>TM Forum brings <strong>telecom industry standards</strong> and <strong>business process alignment</strong>.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>FIWARE operationalizes NGSI-LD in <strong>smart ecosystems</strong>, providing actual <strong>brokers, models, and adapters</strong>.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Both rely on ETSI NGSI-LD to ensure <strong>interoperability</strong>, <strong>data federation</strong>, and <strong>open ecosystems</strong>.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<hr>\n<h3 id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion</h3>\n<p>The <strong>NGSI-LD API</strong> is becoming a <strong>de facto cross-industry standard</strong> for <strong>real-time, semantically rich context management</strong>. 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  \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n      },\n      {\n        \"type\": {\n          \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n        },\n        \"value\": \"<string>\",\n        \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n      }\n    ],\n    \"value\": {},\n    \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n    \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n    \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n    \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n    \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n    \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n  },\n  \"observationSpace\": {\n    \"type\": [\n      {\n        \"type\": {\n          \"value\": \"<Circular 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},\n  \"operationSpace\": {\n    \"type\": [\n      {\n        \"type\": {\n          \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n        },\n        \"value\": \"<string>\",\n        \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n      },\n      {\n        \"type\": {\n          \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n        },\n        \"value\": \"<string>\",\n        \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n      }\n    ],\n    \"value\": {},\n    \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n    \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n    \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n    \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n    \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n    \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n  },\n  \"id\": \"<uri>\",\n  \"type\": \"_bX_0#3347\",\n  \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n  \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n  \"sunt__\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": {\n        \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n      },\n      \"value\": \"<string>\",\n      \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": {\n        \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n      },\n      \"value\": \"<string>\",\n      \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n    }\n  ],\n  \"dolore132\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": {\n        \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n      },\n      \"value\": \"<string>\",\n      \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": {\n        \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n      },\n      \"value\": \"<string>\",\n      \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n    }\n  ],\n  \"mollit_5\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": {\n        \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n      },\n      \"value\": \"<string>\",\n      \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": {\n        \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n      },\n      \"value\": \"<string>\",\n      \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n    }\n  ]\n}","options":{"raw":{"headerFamily":"json","language":"json"}}},"url":"//entities/"},"status":"Unprocessable Entity (WebDAV) (RFC 4918)","code":422,"_postman_previewlanguage":"json","header":[{"key":"Content-Type","value":"application/ld+json"}],"cookie":[],"responseTime":null,"body":"{\n  \"type\": \"<uri>\",\n  \"title\": \"<string>\",\n  \"detail\": \"<string>\"\n}"}],"_postman_id":"e8f86278-0e47-47fb-bede-0acbc1c82ae9"}],"id":"12520915-44e2-4498-be00-1674178e6330","description":"<p>The <strong>Entities Endpoint Family</strong> in the <strong>NGSI-LD API</strong> is the core set of operations that enable clients to <strong>manage, query, and interact with context entities</strong>. This endpoint family lies at the heart of any <strong>NGSI-LD-compliant context broker platform</strong>, such as the <strong>FIWARE Orion-LD Broker</strong>, and underpins the broader goals of <strong>contextual data exchange</strong>, <strong>linked data modeling</strong>, and <strong>semantic interoperability</strong>.</p>\n<p>An <strong>NGSI-LD Entity</strong> is a data object representing a real-world object or concept, identified by a globally unique URI (<code>id</code>) and categorized by a semantic <code>type</code>. Entities have:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>Properties</strong>: name/value pairs with optional metadata (e.g., temperature)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Relationships</strong>: links to other entities (e.g., <code>locatedIn</code>)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>GeoProperties</strong>: geographic information (e.g., location, area)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Temporal values</strong>: each attribute can carry time-related metadata</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Each entity is modeled in <strong>JSON-LD</strong>, enabling integration with Linked Data principles and W3C standards.</p>\n<h3 id=\"create-entity\"><strong>Create Entity</strong></h3>\n<p><strong><code>POST /entities</code></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Adds a new entity to the context broker</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Payload is a full JSON-LD representation</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"example\">Example</h4>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-shell\">POST /ngsi-ld/v1/entities\nContent-Type: application/ld+json\n{\n  \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Vehicle:001\",\n  \"type\": \"Vehicle\",\n  \"brandName\": {\n    \"type\": \"Property\",\n    \"value\": \"Toyota\"\n  },\n  \"speed\": {\n    \"type\": \"Property\",\n    \"value\": 80\n  },\n  \"location\": {\n    \"type\": \"GeoProperty\",\n    \"value\": {\n      \"type\": \"Point\",\n      \"coordinates\": [8.5, 41.2]\n    }\n  },\n  \"@context\": \"https://uri.etsi.org/ngsi-ld/v1/ngsi-ld-core-context.jsonld\"\n}\n\n</code></pre>\n<hr />\n<h3 id=\"listquery-entities\"><strong>List/Query Entities</strong></h3>\n<p><strong><code>GET /entities</code></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Retrieves a list of matching entities</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Supports query parameters like:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><code>type</code></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><code>id</code></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><code>attrs</code></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><code>q</code> (attribute-based query)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><code>georel</code>, <code>geometry</code>, <code>coordinates</code> (geo queries)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><code>options=keyValues</code> for flattened results</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"example-1\">Example</h4>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-shell\">GET /ngsi-ld/v1/entities?type=Vehicle&amp;q=speed&gt;50&amp;options=keyValues\n\n</code></pre>\n<h3 id=\"retrieve-entity-by-id\"><strong>Retrieve Entity by ID</strong></h3>\n<p><strong><code>GET /entities/{entityId}</code></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Gets the complete entity, including all attributes</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Optional <code>Link</code> header for custom context</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"example-2\">Example</h4>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-shell\">GET /ngsi-ld/v1/entities/urn:ngsi-ld:Vehicle:001\n\n</code></pre>\n<h3 id=\"delete-entity\"><strong>Delete Entity</strong></h3>\n<p><strong><code>DELETE /entities/{entityId}</code></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Removes an entity and all its attributes</li>\n</ul>\n<h4 id=\"example-3\">Example</h4>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-shell\">DELETE /ngsi-ld/v1/entities/urn:ngsi-ld:Vehicle:001\n\n</code></pre>\n<h3 id=\"append-entity-attributes\"><strong>Append Entity Attributes</strong></h3>\n<p><strong><code>POST /entities/{entityId}/attrs</code></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Adds new attributes to an existing entity</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Existing attributes are not updated unless <code>overwrite=true</code> is specified</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"update-existing-attributes\"><strong>Update Existing Attributes</strong></h3>\n<p><strong><code>PATCH /entities/{entityId}/attrs</code></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Updates one or more existing attributes</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Follows JSON Merge Patch logic</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"delete-specific-attribute\"><strong>Delete Specific Attribute</strong></h3>\n<p><strong><code>DELETE /entities/{entityId}/attrs/{attrId}</code></strong></p>\n<ul>\n<li>Deletes an individual attribute from the entity</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"important-headers-and-parameters\">Important Headers and Parameters</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Header / Param</th>\n<th>Purpose</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Link</code></td>\n<td>Declares the JSON-LD <code>@context</code> URI</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Content-Type</code></td>\n<td>Usually <code>application/ld+json</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Accept</code></td>\n<td><code>application/ld+json</code> or <code>application/json</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>options=keyValues</code></td>\n<td>Flattens response JSON</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>q=</code></td>\n<td>Filtering query on property values</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>georel=</code></td>\n<td>Spatial relation query (e.g., <code>near;maxDistance==1000</code>)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h2 id=\"entity-lifecycle-summary\">Entity Lifecycle Summary</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Action</th>\n<th>Endpoint</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Create</td>\n<td><code>POST /entities</code></td>\n<td>Create new entity</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Read</td>\n<td><code>GET /entities/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Get full entity</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Query</td>\n<td><code>GET /entities?…</code></td>\n<td>Search with filters</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Update</td>\n<td><code>PATCH /entities/{id}/attrs</code></td>\n<td>Modify attribute values</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Append</td>\n<td><code>POST /entities/{id}/attrs</code></td>\n<td>Add new attributes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Delete</td>\n<td><code>DELETE /entities/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Remove entity</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Remove Attribute</td>\n<td><code>DELETE /entities/{id}/attrs/{attr}</code></td>\n<td>Delete attribute</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h2 id=\"best-practices\">Best Practices</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Use <strong>URIs</strong> (<code>urn:ngsi-ld:</code>) to identify entities globally</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Include appropriate <strong><code>@context</code></strong> to maintain semantic alignment</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Use <strong>subscription endpoints</strong> (<code>/subscriptions</code>) to react to entity changes</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Normalize use of <strong>Property</strong>, <strong>GeoProperty</strong>, and <strong>Relationship</strong> types</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Use <strong>options=keyValues</strong> only for human-readable client-side use</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"how-this-fits-into-the-platform\">How This Fits into the Platform</h2>\n<p>The <code>/entities</code> family:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Forms the <strong>core context data model</strong> interface</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Is extended by <code>/temporal/entities</code> for <strong>time series</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Works with <code>/subscriptions</code> to enable 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\"watchedAttributes\": [\n      \"2__Gn9_:_9#22667\"\n    ],\n    \"timeInterval\": \"<number>\",\n    \"expires\": \"<dateTime>\",\n    \"isActive\": \"<boolean>\",\n    \"throttling\": \"<number>\",\n    \"q\": \"<string>\",\n    \"geoQ\": {\n      \"geometry\": \"<string>\",\n      \"coordinates\": [\n        \"<integer>\",\n        \"<integer>\"\n      ],\n      \"georel\": \"<string>\",\n      \"geoproperty\": \"<string>\"\n    },\n    \"csf\": \"<string>\",\n    \"status\": \"expired\",\n    \"createdAt\": {},\n    \"modifiedAt\": {}\n  }\n]"},{"id":"858f2be7-bc75-44ba-b3c6-e11684cc2e7c","name":"Bad request","originalRequest":{"method":"GET","header":[{"key":"Accept","value":"application/ld+json"}],"url":{"raw":"//subscriptions/?limit=<integer>","host":["/"],"path":["subscriptions",""],"query":[{"description":"Pagination limit","key":"limit","value":"<integer>"}]}},"status":"Bad 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\"timeInterval\": \"<number>\",\n  \"expires\": \"<dateTime>\",\n  \"isActive\": \"<boolean>\",\n  \"throttling\": \"<number>\",\n  \"q\": \"<string>\",\n  \"geoQ\": {\n    \"geometry\": \"<string>\",\n    \"coordinates\": [\n      \"<integer>\",\n      \"<integer>\"\n    ],\n    \"georel\": \"<string>\",\n    \"geoproperty\": \"<string>\"\n  },\n  \"csf\": \"<string>\",\n  \"status\": \"paused\",\n  \"createdAt\": {},\n  \"modifiedAt\": {}\n}","options":{"raw":{"headerFamily":"json","language":"json"}}},"url":"//subscriptions/","description":"<p>Creates a new Subscription within an NGSI-LD system</p>\n","urlObject":{"path":["subscriptions",""],"host":["/"],"query":[],"variable":[]}},"response":[{"id":"30a7cce0-2201-4a02-93ea-81b63ddedd03","name":"Created. 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This enables <strong>event-driven architectures</strong>, where consumers don’t need to constantly poll for updates but instead <strong>react to changes</strong> in real time.</p>\n<p>Subscriptions are one of the <strong>most powerful features</strong> in the NGSI-LD specification and are foundational in building <strong>smart systems</strong>, <strong>automated services</strong>, and <strong>context-aware applications</strong>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"purpose-of-ngsi-ld-subscriptions\">Purpose of NGSI-LD Subscriptions</h2>\n<p>A <strong>subscription</strong> lets a client specify:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>What entities or attributes to monitor</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>What kind of change (create/update/delete) triggers a notification</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Where to send the notification</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Temporal and geo conditions (optional)</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Frequency and throttling rules (optional)</strong></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"subscription-endpoint-overview\">Subscription Endpoint Overview</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Method</th>\n<th>Endpoint</th>\n<th>Purpose</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>POST</code></td>\n<td><code>/subscriptions</code></td>\n<td>Create a new subscription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GET</code></td>\n<td><code>/subscriptions</code></td>\n<td>List subscriptions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GET</code></td>\n<td><code>/subscriptions/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Retrieve a specific subscription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>PATCH</code></td>\n<td><code>/subscriptions/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Modify an existing subscription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>DELETE</code></td>\n<td><code>/subscriptions/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Remove a subscription</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h3 id=\"example-basic-subscription\">Example: Basic Subscription</h3>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">{\n  \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Subscription:001\",\n  \"type\": \"Subscription\",\n  \"entities\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"AirQualityObserved\",\n      \"idPattern\": \".*\"\n    }\n  ],\n  \"watchedAttributes\": [\"CO2\", \"temperature\"],\n  \"notification\": {\n    \"endpoint\": {\n      \"uri\": \"https://example.com/notify\",\n      \"accept\": \"application/ld+json\"\n    },\n    \"attributes\": [\"CO2\", \"temperature\"]\n  },\n  \"@context\": [\n    \"https://uri.etsi.org/ngsi-ld/v1/ngsi-ld-core-context.jsonld\",\n    \"https://smartdatamodels.org/context.jsonld\"\n  ]\n}\n\n</code></pre>\n<h3 id=\"key-fields\">Key Fields:</h3>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Field</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>entities</code></td>\n<td>Specifies target entity type and ID or pattern</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>watchedAttributes</code></td>\n<td>List of attributes that, if changed, trigger notifications</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>notification.endpoint</code></td>\n<td>Where to send notifications (via HTTP POST)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>notification.attributes</code></td>\n<td>Attributes to include in the notification</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>@context</code></td>\n<td>Declares semantic context for linked data</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h2 id=\"advanced-subscription-features\">Advanced Subscription Features</h2>\n<h3 id=\"geoquery-trigger\"><strong>GeoQuery Trigger</strong></h3>\n<p>Notify when an entity enters or exits a defined geospatial region.</p>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">\"geoQ\": {\n  \"georel\": \"near;maxDistance==200\",\n  \"geometry\": \"Point\",\n  \"coordinates\": [24.93545, 60.16952]\n}\n\n</code></pre>\n<h3 id=\"temporal-conditions\"><strong>Temporal Conditions</strong></h3>\n<p>Use <code>timeInterval</code> and <code>expiresAt</code> to limit how often or how long the subscription is active.</p>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">\"notification\": {\n  \"endpoint\": {\n    \"uri\": \"https://example.com/notify\"\n  },\n  \"timesSent\": 0,\n  \"lastNotification\": \"2025-06-30T12:00:00Z\",\n  \"attributes\": [\"temperature\"]\n},\n\"expiresAt\": \"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z\",\n\"timeInterval\": 600  // Minimum 10 minutes between notifications\n\n\n</code></pre>\n<h3 id=\"condition-expressions\"><strong>Condition Expressions</strong></h3>\n<p>Trigger only when certain conditions are met.</p>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">\"q\": \"temperature&gt;30\"\n\n</code></pre>\n<h2 id=\"notification-format\">Notification Format</h2>\n<p>When a subscription is triggered, the broker POSTs a <strong>notification payload</strong> to the given endpoint.</p>\n<h3 id=\"example-notification\">Example Notification:</h3>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">{\n  \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Vehicle:001\",\n  \"type\": \"Vehicle\",\n  \"speed\": {\n    \"type\": \"Property\",\n    \"value\": 120\n  },\n  \"@context\": \"https://uri.etsi.org/ngsi-ld/v1/ngsi-ld-core-context.jsonld\",\n  \"subscriptionId\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Subscription:001\"\n}\n\n</code></pre>\n<h2 id=\"subscription-lifecycle\">Subscription Lifecycle</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Stage</th>\n<th>Operation</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Create</td>\n<td><code>POST /subscriptions</code> with body</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Activate</td>\n<td>Begins monitoring based on definition</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Notify</td>\n<td>Triggers when conditions are met</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Update</td>\n<td><code>PATCH</code> to modify scope or frequency</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cancel</td>\n<td><code>DELETE /subscriptions/{id}</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h2 id=\"use-cases-for-subscriptions\">Use Cases for Subscriptions</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Domain</th>\n<th>Use Case</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Smart Cities</strong></td>\n<td>Notify when air quality exceeds threshold</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Telecom</strong></td>\n<td>Alert when network utilization passes critical levels</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mobility</strong></td>\n<td>Inform user when their bus or car is near</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Logistics</strong></td>\n<td>Track temperature breaches in cold-chain shipping</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Utilities</strong></td>\n<td>Auto-adjust billing or consumption notifications</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h3 id=\"summary\">Summary</h3>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Capability</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Subscriptions</strong></td>\n<td>Register to receive real-time updates when data changes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Triggers</strong></td>\n<td>Attribute updates, geo-events, value conditions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Delivery</strong></td>\n<td>HTTP POST to client-specified endpoints</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Control</strong></td>\n<td>Filter by entity, attribute, time, geo, or conditions</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><p>Subscriptions are a <strong>cornerstone of scalable, smart, reactive systems</strong> using the <strong>NGSI-LD</strong> API.</p>\n","_postman_id":"70c9c0ca-4a2d-46d1-85b6-2b5c8a7e29a1"},{"name":"csourceRegistrations","item":[{"name":"{registrationId}","item":[{"name":"retrieve 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\"<dateTime>\"\n}","options":{"raw":{"headerFamily":"json","language":"json"}}},"url":"//csourceRegistrations/"},"status":"Conflict","code":409,"_postman_previewlanguage":"json","header":[{"key":"Content-Type","value":"application/ld+json"}],"cookie":[],"responseTime":null,"body":"{\n  \"type\": \"<uri>\",\n  \"title\": \"<string>\",\n  \"detail\": \"<string>\"\n}"}],"_postman_id":"604d6f4e-4e92-48c2-bf2f-bb60f8ca3a46"}],"id":"ccea233b-922a-4d12-a325-12d0a055606c","description":"<p>Manages <strong>Context Source Registrations</strong>—a critical piece of <strong>federated and distributed context management</strong>.</p>\n<p>This allows different brokers and platforms (e.g., FIWARE, TM Forum-aligned systems, telecom OSS) to <strong>discover where specific context entities or types live</strong> across a <strong>distributed, federated NGSI-LD network</strong>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"purpose-of-csourceregistrations\">Purpose of <code>csourceRegistrations</code></h2>\n<p>The <strong>Context Source Registration (CSOURCE)</strong> mechanism allows one context broker (a <strong>Context Consumer</strong>) to <strong>register</strong> with another broker (a <strong>Context Provider</strong> or a federated broker), advertising:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>The <strong>entities</strong>, <strong>types</strong>, or <strong>patterns</strong> it manages</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The <strong>endpoint URI</strong> where those entities can be queried</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Any <strong>temporal</strong>, <strong>spatial</strong>, or <strong>attribute filters</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The <strong>data model context</strong> (<code>@context</code>) used for semantic linking</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This is essential in <strong>federated architectures</strong>, like:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>Smart regions</strong>, where cities or agencies manage different data domains</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Telecom OSS</strong>, where network domains are separated by type or geography</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Data spaces</strong> in the <strong>GAIA-X</strong> or <strong>TM Forum ODA</strong> context</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<hr />\n<h2 id=\"csource-endpoint-overview\">CSOURCE Endpoint Overview</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Method</th>\n<th>Endpoint</th>\n<th>Purpose</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>POST</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceRegistrations</code></td>\n<td>Register a new external source</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GET</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceRegistrations</code></td>\n<td>List all current registrations</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GET</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceRegistrations/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Retrieve a specific registration</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>PATCH</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceRegistrations/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Update registration details</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>DELETE</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceRegistrations/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Remove a registration</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h3 id=\"example-context-source-registration\">Example: Context Source Registration</h3>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">{\n  \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:CSourceRegistration:smartparking001\",\n  \"type\": \"ContextSourceRegistration\",\n  \"information\": [\n    {\n      \"entities\": [\n        {\n          \"type\": \"ParkingSpot\",\n          \"idPattern\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:ParkingSpot:.*\"\n        }\n      ],\n      \"properties\": [\"status\", \"location\"]\n    }\n  ],\n  \"endpoint\": \"https://api.smartcityparking.org/ngsi-ld/v1/entities\",\n  \"location\": {\n    \"type\": \"GeoProperty\",\n    \"value\": {\n      \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n      \"coordinates\": [[[12.5, 41.9], [12.6, 41.9], [12.6, 42.0], [12.5, 42.0], [12.5, 41.9]]]\n    }\n  },\n  \"@context\": [\n    \"https://uri.etsi.org/ngsi-ld/v1/ngsi-ld-core-context.jsonld\",\n    \"https://smartdatamodels.org/context.jsonld\"\n  ]\n}\n\n</code></pre>\n<h2 id=\"key-fields-explained\">Key Fields Explained</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Field</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>id</code></td>\n<td>Globally unique identifier for the registration</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>information</code></td>\n<td>Array of entity types, properties, and relationships the external source can provide</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>endpoint</code></td>\n<td>URI of the external source's NGSI-LD interface</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>location</code></td>\n<td>Optional geo scope to which the source's data applies</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>expires</code></td>\n<td>Expiry date after which the registration is invalid</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>@context</code></td>\n<td>Declares the JSON-LD context used</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h2 id=\"use-case-how-it-works\">Use Case: How It Works</h2>\n<ol>\n<li><p><strong>Edge broker or sensor system</strong> registers with a central NGSI-LD broker using <code>/csourceRegistrations</code>.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The central broker updates its internal <strong>routing table</strong>.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>When a client queries for a matching entity:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>If the entity isn't held locally…</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The broker <strong>proxies the query to the endpoint</strong> registered in the <code>csourceRegistration</code>.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"geo-temporal-and-attribute-scoping\">Geo, Temporal, and Attribute Scoping</h2>\n<p>Registrations can be:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>Geo-scoped</strong>: e.g., only for air quality in a specific region</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Attribute-scoped</strong>: e.g., only offers temperature, not humidity</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Time-bounded</strong>: valid only for a window of time</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This allows for precise <strong>query delegation</strong>, which is critical in:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Federated smart cities</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Distributed telecom networks</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Inter-provider ecosystems</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<hr />\n<h2 id=\"registration-lifecycle\">Registration Lifecycle</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Step</th>\n<th>Endpoint</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Register</strong></td>\n<td><code>POST /csourceRegistrations</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Update</strong></td>\n<td><code>PATCH /csourceRegistrations/{id}</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>List All</strong></td>\n<td><code>GET /csourceRegistrations</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Get One</strong></td>\n<td><code>GET /csourceRegistrations/{id}</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Delete</strong></td>\n<td><code>DELETE /csourceRegistrations/{id}</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h2 id=\"best-practices\">Best Practices</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Use meaningful <code>id</code> URNs for traceability</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Keep <code>expires</code> field current to reflect live availability</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Combine <code>idPattern</code>, <code>properties</code>, and <code>location</code> to scope registrations narrowly</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Automatically <strong>refresh registrations</strong> before they expire (especially for volatile sources)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Prefer <strong>secure HTTPS endpoints</strong> for <code>endpoint</code></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"example-central-broker-routing\">Example: Central Broker Routing</h2>\n<p>Suppose you have:</p>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Entity</th>\n<th>Source</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>urn:ngsi-ld:Sensor:123</code></td>\n<td>Local Broker</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>urn:ngsi-ld:AirQualityObserved:.\\*</code></td>\n<td>Remote Broker A</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>urn:ngsi-ld:Vehicle:.\\*</code> in city center</td>\n<td>Remote Broker B</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><p>The central broker, based on <code>/csourceRegistrations</code>, <strong>routes requests</strong>:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Locally if it holds the data</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>To <strong>Remote Broker A</strong> or <strong>B</strong> based on the query entity type and geo-scope</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"federation-via-context-source-registrations\">Federation via Context Source Registrations</h2>\n<p><code>/csourceRegistrations</code> is essential for:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>Broker-to-broker federation</strong> (FIWARE, ETSI, Gaia-X, etc.)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Discovery of distributed data</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Smart service orchestration</strong> across city, telecom, energy sectors</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"in-fiware\">In FIWARE:</h3>\n<ul>\n<li><p>The Orion-LD broker registers with a <strong>Registry-Manager</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The Registry Manager uses CSR to <strong>inform other brokers</strong> what data is available elsewhere</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"in-tm-forum\">In TM Forum:</h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Could integrate with Open APIs for dynamic <strong>service orchestration</strong>, e.g., routing OSS requests to regional service domains using NGSI-LD and CSR-based lookups</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"summary\">Summary</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Capability</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Register Context Sources</strong></td>\n<td>Declare where certain types of context live</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Supports Federation</strong></td>\n<td>Enables multiple brokers to share data responsibilities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Scoping</strong></td>\n<td>Spatial, temporal, and attribute-level filtering</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Used for Discovery</strong></td>\n<td>Helps route queries to the right provider</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Expires/Refresh</strong></td>\n<td>Time-bounded availability ensures up-to-date routing logic</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div>","_postman_id":"ccea233b-922a-4d12-a325-12d0a055606c"},{"name":"csourceSubscriptions","item":[{"name":"{subscriptionId}","item":[{"name":"retrieve C Source Subscriptions By Id","id":"1f16824f-50b8-431a-8971-822864c0aebf","protocolProfileBehavior":{"disableBodyPruning":true},"request":{"method":"GET","header":[{"key":"Accept","value":"application/ld+json"}],"url":"//csourceSubscriptions/:subscriptionId","description":"<p>Retrieves a specific Subscription from an NGSI-LD system</p>\n","urlObject":{"path":["csourceSubscriptions",":subscriptionId"],"host":["/"],"query":[],"variable":[{"id":"578fbf75-5d52-4590-830f-a4b69dda6db7","description":{"content":"<p>(Required) Subscription 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This is essential in <strong>federated and distributed NGSI-LD environments</strong>, where multiple brokers manage different subsets of the data.</p>\n<p>While similar in structure to <code>/subscriptions</code>, <code>/csourceSubscriptions</code> serves a <strong>broker-to-broker or broker-to-source purpose</strong>, helping a central or federating broker <strong>stay synchronized</strong> with <strong>remote data changes</strong>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"what-is-a-context-source-subscription\">What is a Context Source Subscription?</h2>\n<p>A <strong>Context Source Subscription</strong> is used by a <strong>context broker</strong> to:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>Subscribe to entities or attributes</strong> managed by <strong>external sources</strong> (registered using <code>/csourceRegistrations</code>)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Receive <strong>notifications</strong> when data changes at those sources</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Act as a <strong>proxy</strong> to answer queries against those external sources</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This enables <strong>distributed, reactive synchronization</strong> across a <strong>mesh of brokers</strong> or NGSI-LD endpoints.</p>\n<h2 id=\"csourcesubscriptions-endpoint-family\"><code>/csourceSubscriptions</code> Endpoint Family</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Method</th>\n<th>Endpoint</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>POST</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceSubscriptions</code></td>\n<td>Create a new context source subscription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GET</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceSubscriptions</code></td>\n<td>List all current context source subscriptions</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>GET</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceSubscriptions/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Retrieve details of a specific subscription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>PATCH</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceSubscriptions/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Modify an existing subscription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>DELETE</code></td>\n<td><code>/csourceSubscriptions/{id}</code></td>\n<td>Remove a subscription</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h3 id=\"example-csourcesubscription\">Example csourceSubscription</h3>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">{\n  \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:CSourceSubscription:001\",\n  \"type\": \"CSourceSubscription\",\n  \"entities\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Vehicle\",\n      \"idPattern\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Vehicle:.*\"\n    }\n  ],\n  \"watchedAttributes\": [\"speed\", \"location\"],\n  \"notification\": {\n    \"endpoint\": {\n      \"uri\": \"https://mybroker.example.org/notifications/csource\",\n      \"accept\": \"application/ld+json\"\n    },\n    \"attributes\": [\"speed\", \"location\"]\n  },\n  \"@context\": [\n    \"https://uri.etsi.org/ngsi-ld/v1/ngsi-ld-core-context.jsonld\"\n  ]\n}\n\n</code></pre>\n<h2 id=\"key-fields\">Key Fields</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Field</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>id</code></td>\n<td>Unique identifier for the csourceSubscription</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>entities</code></td>\n<td>Target entities to monitor (type and ID pattern)</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>watchedAttributes</code></td>\n<td>Attributes whose change should trigger a notification</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>notification.endpoint.uri</code></td>\n<td>The internal URI that receives the update notifications</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>notification.attributes</code></td>\n<td>List of attributes to include in the notification</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>@context</code></td>\n<td>Semantic context for attribute/relationship resolution</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h2 id=\"workflow-how-it-works\">Workflow: How It Works</h2>\n<ol>\n<li><p>A context broker receives a <code>/csourceRegistration</code> from an external source (e.g., a regional broker).</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>The broker decides it wants to stay <strong>in sync</strong> with that remote data source.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>It creates a <code>/csourceSubscription</code> targeted at that endpoint.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>When data changes at the remote source, <strong>notifications</strong> are sent to the subscriber broker.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>This broker can then:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Cache the update</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Use it to serve incoming client queries</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Trigger local workflows or rules</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<h2 id=\"federation-use-case-example\">Federation Use Case Example</h2>\n<p>Imagine three NGSI-LD brokers in a <strong>federated smart city deployment</strong>:</p>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Broker</th>\n<th>Region</th>\n<th>Data</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Broker A</td>\n<td>Downtown</td>\n<td>Traffic lights</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Broker B</td>\n<td>Suburbs</td>\n<td>Vehicles</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Broker C</td>\n<td>City-wide</td>\n<td>Aggregated services (central broker)</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><p><strong>Broker C</strong> receives <code>/csourceRegistrations</code> from A and B. It sets up:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><code>/csourceSubscription</code> to <strong>Broker A</strong> for <code>TrafficLight</code> entities</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><code>/csourceSubscription</code> to <strong>Broker B</strong> for <code>Vehicle</code> entities</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Broker C now <strong>receives real-time notifications</strong> about changes in traffic lights and vehicles, and <strong>can respond to external queries</strong> as though it holds all the data.</p>\n<h2 id=\"notification-example\">Notification Example</h2>\n<p>A notification sent to the subscriber might look like:  </p>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">{\n  \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Vehicle:001\",\n  \"type\": \"Vehicle\",\n  \"speed\": {\n    \"type\": \"Property\",\n    \"value\": 120\n  },\n  \"location\": {\n    \"type\": \"GeoProperty\",\n    \"value\": {\n      \"type\": \"Point\",\n      \"coordinates\": [8.5, 41.2]\n    }\n  },\n  \"subscriptionId\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:CSourceSubscription:001\",\n  \"@context\": \"https://uri.etsi.org/ngsi-ld/v1/ngsi-ld-core-context.jsonld\"\n}\n\n</code></pre>\n<h2 id=\"distinction-subscriptions-vs-csourcesubscriptions\">Distinction: <code>/subscriptions</code> vs <code>/csourceSubscriptions</code></h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Feature</th>\n<th><code>/subscriptions</code></th>\n<th><code>/csourceSubscriptions</code></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Purpose</td>\n<td>Notify clients of local data changes</td>\n<td>Notify brokers of external (remote) data changes</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Receiver</td>\n<td>Application or external system</td>\n<td>Another NGSI-LD broker</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Registered On</td>\n<td>Local broker</td>\n<td>Remote source</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Uses <code>/entities</code>?</td>\n<td>Yes</td>\n<td>Indirectly, via registrations</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Enables</td>\n<td>Event-driven apps</td>\n<td>Broker federation and sync</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h2 id=\"use-with-fiware\">Use with FIWARE</h2>\n<p>In <strong>FIWARE</strong>, <code>Orion-LD</code> or <code>Scorpio-LD</code> brokers:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Use <code>/csourceSubscriptions</code> to connect <strong>registry managers</strong> or <strong>external brokers</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Enable <strong>data mesh or data space topologies</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Allow a <strong>hub broker</strong> to receive entity updates from <strong>edge brokers</strong></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"summary\">Summary</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Feature</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>csourceSubscriptions</strong></td>\n<td>Broker-level subscriptions to external context sources</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Enable Federation</strong></td>\n<td>Keep central broker updated about distributed entities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Target</strong></td>\n<td>Attributes and entity types declared in <code>/csourceRegistrations</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Notifications</strong></td>\n<td>Sent from remote sources to broker notification endpoints</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Supports Filtering</strong></td>\n<td>By entity type, ID pattern, attributes, geo, or time</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><hr />\n","_postman_id":"1145fe14-d628-4cd3-a0be-140f525d49b6"},{"name":"entityOperations","item":[{"name":"create","item":[{"name":"batch Entity Creation","id":"3751832c-7589-4edd-b472-1d4f3b2ae9a6","protocolProfileBehavior":{"disableBodyPruning":true},"request":{"method":"POST","header":[{"key":"Content-Type","value":"application/ld+json"},{"key":"Accept","value":"application/ld+json"}],"body":{"mode":"raw","raw":"[\n  {\n    \"@context\": {},\n    \"location\": {\n      \"type\": [\n        {\n          \"type\": {\n            \"value\": \"<Circular reference to 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\"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n        },\n        \"value\": \"<string>\",\n        \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n      },\n      {\n        \"type\": {\n          \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n        },\n        \"value\": \"<string>\",\n        \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n        \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n      }\n    ]\n  },\n  {\n    \"@context\": {},\n    \"location\": {\n      \"type\": [\n        {\n          \"type\": {\n            \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n          },\n          \"value\": \"<string>\",\n          \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"type\": {\n            \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n          },\n          \"value\": \"<string>\",\n          \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n        }\n      ],\n      \"value\": {},\n      \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n    },\n    \"observationSpace\": {\n      \"type\": [\n        {\n          \"type\": {\n            \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n          },\n          \"value\": \"<string>\",\n          \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"type\": {\n            \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n          },\n          \"value\": \"<string>\",\n          \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n        }\n      ],\n      \"value\": {},\n      \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n    },\n    \"operationSpace\": {\n      \"type\": [\n        {\n          \"type\": {\n            \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n          },\n          \"value\": \"<string>\",\n          \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n        },\n        {\n          \"type\": {\n            \"value\": \"<Circular reference to #/components/schemas/AdditionalProperty detected>\"\n          },\n          \"value\": \"<string>\",\n          \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n          \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n          \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n        }\n      ],\n      \"value\": {},\n      \"observedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n      \"datasetId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"instanceId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"unitCode\": \"<string>\"\n    },\n    \"id\": \"<uri>\",\n    \"type\": \"_5_:L__zvJ_\",\n    \"createdAt\": \"<dateTime>\",\n    \"modifiedAt\": \"<dateTime>\"\n  }\n]","options":{"raw":{"headerFamily":"json","language":"json"}}},"url":{"raw":"//entityOperations/upsert?options=update","host":["/"],"path":["entityOperations","upsert"],"query":[{"key":"options","value":"update"}]}},"status":"Bad Request","code":400,"_postman_previewlanguage":"json","header":[{"key":"Content-Type","value":"application/ld+json"}],"cookie":[],"responseTime":null,"body":"{\n  \"type\": \"<uri>\",\n  \"title\": \"<string>\",\n  \"detail\": \"<string>\"\n}"}],"_postman_id":"db231bca-1921-45f0-bf87-580fde72d075"}],"id":"118c59af-e685-40d5-8e50-35894032193e","_postman_id":"118c59af-e685-40d5-8e50-35894032193e","description":""},{"name":"delete","item":[{"name":"batch Entity Delete","id":"3d62fbaa-b96c-49e1-83c9-695fb4118b35","protocolProfileBehavior":{"disableBodyPruning":true},"request":{"method":"POST","header":[{"key":"Content-Type","value":"application/ld+json"},{"key":"Accept","value":"application/ld+json"}],"body":{"mode":"raw","raw":"[\n  \"<uri>\"\n]","options":{"raw":{"headerFamily":"json","language":"json"}}},"url":"//entityOperations/delete","description":"<p>Batch Entity delete</p>\n","urlObject":{"path":["entityOperations","delete"],"host":["/"],"query":[],"variable":[]}},"response":[{"id":"eaeac6ed-bb60-4d06-b4ce-e93b8ba4938f","name":"Success","originalRequest":{"method":"POST","header":[{"key":"Content-Type","value":"application/ld+json"},{"key":"Accept","value":"application/ld+json"}],"body":{"mode":"raw","raw":"[\n  \"<uri>\"\n]","options":{"raw":{"headerFamily":"json","language":"json"}}},"url":"//entityOperations/delete"},"status":"OK","code":200,"_postman_previewlanguage":"json","header":[{"key":"Content-Type","value":"application/ld+json"}],"cookie":[],"responseTime":null,"body":"{\n  \"success\": [\n    \"<uri>\",\n    \"<uri>\"\n  ],\n  \"error\": [\n    {\n      \"entityId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"error\": {\n        \"type\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"title\": \"<string>\",\n        \"detail\": \"<string>\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"entityId\": \"<uri>\",\n      \"error\": {\n        \"type\": \"<uri>\",\n        \"title\": \"<string>\",\n        \"detail\": \"<string>\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"},{"id":"36a88e22-f383-4321-91c8-d4e6e9d408e6","name":"Bad request","originalRequest":{"method":"POST","header":[{"key":"Content-Type","value":"application/ld+json"},{"key":"Accept","value":"application/ld+json"}],"body":{"mode":"raw","raw":"[\n  \"<uri>\"\n]","options":{"raw":{"headerFamily":"json","language":"json"}}},"url":"//entityOperations/delete"},"status":"Bad Request","code":400,"_postman_previewlanguage":"json","header":[{"key":"Content-Type","value":"application/ld+json"}],"cookie":[],"responseTime":null,"body":"{\n  \"type\": \"<uri>\",\n  \"title\": \"<string>\",\n  \"detail\": \"<string>\"\n}"}],"_postman_id":"3d62fbaa-b96c-49e1-83c9-695fb4118b35"}],"id":"b1ed2d36-0911-4900-88a4-34ea3c576ffa","_postman_id":"b1ed2d36-0911-4900-88a4-34ea3c576ffa","description":""}],"id":"f1eb80b2-9033-43b4-bf7f-3f4d6b8c277e","description":"<p>The <strong><code>/entityOperations</code></strong> endpoint family in the <strong>NGSI-LD API</strong> provides a <strong>bulk processing interface</strong> for <strong>entity-level operations</strong>, such as <strong>creating</strong>, <strong>updating</strong>, or <strong>upserting</strong> multiple entities in one request. This is essential for high-performance applications that deal with <strong>large volumes of contextual data</strong>, such as IoT systems, smart cities, and telecom telemetry feeds.</p>\n<h2 id=\"what-is-entityoperations\">What is <code>entityOperations</code>?</h2>\n<p>The <code>/entityOperations</code> endpoint allows:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><strong>Batch creation</strong> of entities</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Bulk updates</strong> of existing entities</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Bulk upsert</strong> (create if not exists, update if exists)</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><strong>Efficient JSON-LD payload processing</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Transaction-style semantics across multiple entities</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>It complements the <code>/entities</code> endpoint, which operates <strong>on one entity at a time</strong>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"entityoperations-endpoint-family\"><code>/entityOperations</code> Endpoint Family</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Method</th>\n<th>Endpoint</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>POST</code></td>\n<td><code>/entityOperations/create</code></td>\n<td>Create multiple entities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>POST</code></td>\n<td><code>/entityOperations/upsert</code></td>\n<td>Create or update multiple entities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>POST</code></td>\n<td><code>/entityOperations/update</code></td>\n<td>Update attributes for multiple existing entities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>POST</code></td>\n<td><code>/entityOperations/delete</code></td>\n<td>Delete multiple entities by ID</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><p>Each request uses a <strong>JSON-LD array of entities</strong>, with appropriate <code>@context</code>.</p>\n<h2 id=\"post-entityoperationscreate\"><code>POST /entityOperations/create</code></h2>\n<h3 id=\"purpose\">Purpose:</h3>\n<p>Creates <strong>multiple new entities</strong>. Fails if any already exist.</p>\n<h3 id=\"example\">Example</h3>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Sensor:001\",\n    \"type\": \"TemperatureSensor\",\n    \"temperature\": {\n      \"type\": \"Property\",\n      \"value\": 22.5\n    }\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Sensor:002\",\n    \"type\": \"TemperatureSensor\",\n    \"temperature\": {\n      \"type\": \"Property\",\n      \"value\": 23.1\n    }\n  }\n]\n\n</code></pre>\n<p>Response: <code>201 Created</code> if all succeeded, or <code>207 Multi-Status</code> if mixed results.</p>\n<h2 id=\"post-entityoperationsupsert\"><code>POST /entityOperations/upsert</code></h2>\n<h3 id=\"purpose-1\">Purpose</h3>\n<p>Creates or updates entities:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>If the entity exists → <strong>update</strong></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>If it does not → <strong>create</strong></p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>This is especially useful for <strong>telemetry ingestion</strong> or <strong>synchronization</strong> with external systems.</p>\n<h3 id=\"example-1\">Example</h3>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:WeatherStation:NY001\",\n    \"type\": \"WeatherStation\",\n    \"humidity\": {\n      \"type\": \"Property\",\n      \"value\": 67.5\n    }\n  }\n]\n\n</code></pre>\n<p>Response:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><code>204 No Content</code> if everything processed silently</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><code>207 Multi-Status</code> if some entities failed</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"post-entityoperationsupdate\"><code>POST /entityOperations/update</code></h2>\n<h3 id=\"purpose-2\">Purpose</h3>\n<p>Update existing entities. Fails if an entity does not exist.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Only <strong>specified attributes</strong> are modified.</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Other attributes remain untouched.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h3 id=\"example-2\">Example</h3>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"urn:ngsi-ld:Sensor:001\",\n    \"temperature\": {\n      \"type\": \"Property\",\n      \"value\": 21.0\n    }\n  }\n]\n\n</code></pre>\n<h2 id=\"post-entityoperationsdelete\"><code>POST /entityOperations/delete</code></h2>\n<h3 id=\"purpose-3\">Purpose</h3>\n<p>Delete multiple entities by ID.</p>\n<h3 id=\"example-3\">Example</h3>\n<pre class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-snippet-wrapper\"><code class=\"language-json\">[\n  \"urn:ngsi-ld:Sensor:001\",\n  \"urn:ngsi-ld:Sensor:002\"\n]\n\n</code></pre>\n<p>Returns:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><p><code>204 No Content</code> if all deletions succeed</p>\n</li>\n<li><p><code>207 Multi-Status</code> for partial success/failure</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<h2 id=\"common-headers-and-requirements\">Common Headers and Requirements</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Header</th>\n<th>Purpose</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Content-Type</code></td>\n<td><code>application/ld+json</code></td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Link</code></td>\n<td>Provides the <code>@context</code> URI if not embedded in payload</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>Accept</code></td>\n<td><code>application/json</code>, <code>application/ld+json</code></td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><hr />\n<h2 id=\"use-cases-for-entityoperations\">Use Cases for <code>entityOperations</code></h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Use Case</th>\n<th>Description</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>IoT telemetry</strong></td>\n<td>Bulk ingest thousands of sensor readings in real time</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ETL / Data sync</strong></td>\n<td>Efficiently sync large datasets from external platforms</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Migration</strong></td>\n<td>Load initial data set during system onboarding</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Edge-to-core sync</strong></td>\n<td>Edge brokers push context updates upstream in batch</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Telecom OSS</strong></td>\n<td>Bulk update service status from multiple NEs or agents</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><hr />\n<h2 id=\"best-practices\">Best Practices</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><p>Always include or link to a valid <code>@context</code></p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Validate entity IDs and types before upsert to avoid schema errors</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Use <code>/entityOperations/upsert</code> in streaming ingestion pipelines</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Use <code>207 Multi-Status</code> responses to handle partial failures gracefully</p>\n</li>\n<li><p>Combine with <code>/subscriptions</code> or <code>/csourceSubscriptions</code> to stay reactive</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<hr />\n<h2 id=\"comparison-with-entities\">Comparison with <code>/entities</code></h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Feature</th>\n<th><code>/entities</code></th>\n<th><code>/entityOperations</code></th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Single entity</td>\n<td>✔️</td>\n<td>❌</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Multiple entities</td>\n<td>❌</td>\n<td>✔️</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Create</td>\n<td>✔️</td>\n<td>✔️</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Update</td>\n<td>✔️</td>\n<td>✔️</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Upsert</td>\n<td>❌</td>\n<td>✔️</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Delete</td>\n<td>✔️</td>\n<td>✔️</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Use case</td>\n<td>Fine-grained API</td>\n<td>High-throughput batch processing</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><h2 id=\"summary\">Summary</h2>\n<div class=\"click-to-expand-wrapper is-table-wrapper\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Operation</th>\n<th>Endpoint</th>\n<th>Behavior</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Create</strong></td>\n<td><code>/entityOperations/create</code></td>\n<td>Add new entities, fail if exists</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Upsert</strong></td>\n<td><code>/entityOperations/upsert</code></td>\n<td>Add or update entities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Update</strong></td>\n<td><code>/entityOperations/update</code></td>\n<td>Update attributes of existing entities</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Delete</strong></td>\n<td><code>/entityOperations/delete</code></td>\n<td>Remove multiple entities by ID</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n</div><p>The <code>/entityOperations</code> family is critical for <strong>scaling NGSI-LD systems</strong>, especially in <strong>data-intensive environments</strong> where bulk efficiency and transactional consistency matter.</p>\n","_postman_id":"f1eb80b2-9033-43b4-bf7f-3f4d6b8c277e"}],"variable":[{"key":"baseUrl","value":"/"}]}